During the last two decades, decentralization has been supposed as a tool for making the public sector policies more efficient. Despite the claimed benefits, there are some costs; some of decentralization theorists believe that devolution of pure public goods provision to Local governments has led to the Failure of decentralization policies.This article uses game theory to study the implications of decentralization policies for public goods from the efficiency point of view. The study findings which are based on a mathematical language and the game theory, reveal the fact that devolution of pure public goods provision to Local governments violates Pareto efficiency measure.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of Local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of Local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of Local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Introduction: Tailing dams are responsible for collecting tailings from mining operations. Tailing dams are built to conserve water for use in mining and protecting the environment. These structures are often constructed using the tailing. This issue, along with factors such as the relatively long construction period and inadequate design and supervision, has resulted in a high number of tailings dam Failures. Tailing dam accidents have occurred frequently in recent years. The current rate of Failure of large tailings dams is about 2 to 5 cases a year. In the recent Failure tailing dam on 2022, Nov. 7, the tailings escaped through an approx. 150 m wide breach of the eastern wall of the impoundment, which caused the release of 12.8 million m3 of water and tailings (World Information Service on Energy 2022. Tailings Dam Safety. https://www.wise-uranium.org/mdaf.html). Some tailings dams have a water pond near the dam crest and the water and tailings liquefy or not contribute to the tailing dam breach. Other tailings dams have no water pond or the pond is far from dam's crest. Water has no or less contribution to the tailings dam Failure and the runout of tailings liquefy or not is significant. (Small et al. (2017)). Methodology: This research explores a Local Failure dam near the tailings dam abutment with a water pond in the large-scale experimental setup that consists of a tailings pond by 505 cm(length), 310 cm (width) and 64 cm (height). The uniformity and curvature coefficient of tailings are 2.21 and 1.44 and the tailings are not liquefaction. The longitudinal slope of bed is 2%. A gate with a width of 20 cm as a Local dam breach is applied near the left abutment of the dam. An ultrasonic equipment measured the time series of water surface elevation. The experimental tests were carried out at different water surface elevations and repeated three times to ensure the validity of the results. The bed topography is measured by the Kinect before and after the dam breach. These bed elevations were performed to calculate the volume of the eroded tailings by using Civil3D 2019 software. Moreover, some videos are provided to recognize the flow pattern and bed erosion.Results and Discussion In all experiments, after the Local Failure of the tailing dam, a pit is created inside the tailings dam pond near the breach. At the beginning of the experiment, the scour pit created has no effect on the water surface elevation. After that, the pit effect is recognized on it. Then, there is water at the end of the pond just near the dam body. At the end, there is a small water height inside the pit and a hydraulic jump occurs in the scour hole. The grooves are created on the bed and the eroded sediments do not have any ability to move towards the dam breach downstream.The bed erosion pattern and sediment transfer rate were surveyed in water level variations of the tailings dam reservoir during a Local Failure near the abutment. The largest scour height has occurred near the Local Failure. Due to the complex nature of the sediment, the topography bed images of the same experiments are different in detail.Conclusion Water and sediment are quickly released from the Local tailing dam breach and a scour hole forms in the bed near the Local Failure. In all experiments, the ratio of the volume of eroded sediment near the Local Failure to the water volume of the dam pond is about one percent. The variation of the water surface elevation with time is about 0.45. It was observed that the length of the scour hole in the dam body direction is more than the direction perpendicular to the dam body. The ratio of the length to the width of the scour hole is 3 to 3.3, approximately.

In many studies, the alternative load path method (APM) has been used for progressive collapse analysis. In this method, one or several columns of the building are removed and the building response is investigated. This method ignores the initial Local Failure cause of building and this can affect the structural response. Investigation of ignoring the initial Local Failure cause of steel braced frames is the main purpose of this research. The variables include the type of progressive collapse investigation (ignoring the initial cause of Failure or APM, considering blast loading and the heat caused by the fire as the initial causes of Failure) and the location of the initial Local Failure in plan (outer and inner frame) and in floors (1st, 2nd and 3rd). 4-story braced steel buildings were simulated using ABAQUS software and the responses were compared using different methods. The most important results showed that the axial forces are very noticeable in the columns around the damaged site if the initial Local Failure caused by explosive loading; while these forces are ignored when APM is used. Therefore, due to this significant difference, if the design of a steel building is to be considered against progressive collapse, it is recommended to consider the initial Local Failure in order to make the appropriate design in accordance with it. Therefore, the initial loading type has a very significant effect on the structure response, and ignoring the initial Local Failure can lead to incorrect predictions of the structure response.

Background and Objectives: Achieving complete anesthesia is a major problem in dental procedures, especially in endodontic treatment. Several studies on Local anesthesia have indicated the highest rate of Failures in mandibular teeth. The aim of this study was to compare the rate of Local anesthesia Failure in mandibular and maxillary first molars and find out the rate of Failure and recognize the potential factors involved in order to achieve a profound Local anesthesia rendering endodontic treatment as painless as possible.Materials and Methods:50 first molar teeth from 50 patients (25 mandibular first molars and 25 maxillary first molars) with vital pulps and normal PDL , lamina dura on radiographic examination and without any sensitivity to percussion and palpation needing endodontic treatment were evaluated.Results: Of 25 maxillary first molars only 2 teeth needed supplemental injections, whereas 8 teeth out of 25 mandibular first molars needed supplemental injections. Results of the statistical analysis (Chi-square) showed a statistically significant higher rate of Local anesthesia Failure in mandibular first molars compared with maxillary first molars (P=0.034).Conclusion: The current study indicated that Local anesthesia Failure rate was significantly higher in mandibular first molars compared to maxillary first molars and that achieving a proper Local anesthesia in the teeth having preoperative pain was more difficult. Therefore, in order to achieve a proper anesthesia and render painless endodontic treatment supplemental, injections should be carried out especially for mandibular first molars.